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A Review of Cerebral Racket Theory and Its Relevance to Current Social Bug

Abstract

More than than threescore years agone, Cognitive Noise Theory was introduced by Leon Festinger (1957), and arguably, this classic theory is yet relevant to this 24-hour interval. Festinger described that cognitive dissonance occurs whenever people are confronted with facts that contradict their beliefs, values, and ideas; they will thrive on finding a manner to resolve the contradiction to reduce their discomfort. The theory applies to all social situations involving the formation and changes of human attitude, and it is peculiarly pertinent to the process of decision-making and problem-solving. The relevance of the theory is still reflected today in the era of the Internet-of-Things (IoT). The information overload and exposure of conflicting opinions on the Internet lead people to a state of mental fatigue where they become confused to seek the correct information and may result in social and psychological conflicts. Hence, this review paper attempts to provide an overview of the archetype theory by exploring the core assumptions of the theory, causes of dissonance, and the theoretical implications on current social issues. It is expected that the results of the review could provide a sound basis for further applied study within the field of social studies.

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480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v36i2.6652

MIMBAR, Vol. 36 No. 2nd (2020) pp. 480-488

A Review of Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Its

Relevance to Current Social Bug

i AZIZUL HALIM YAHYA, 2 VIDI SUKMAYADI

1Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Malaysia 2Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung

Correspondence author: azizul928@salam.uitm.edu.my

Abstruse.More than 60 years ago, Cognitive Dissonance Theory was introduced by Leon

Festinger (1957), and arguably, this classic theory is still relevant to this twenty-four hours. Festinger

described that cerebral dissonance occurs whenever people are confronted with facts

that contradict their beliefs, values, and ideas; they will thrive on nding a fashion to resolve

the contradiction to reduce their discomfort. The theory applies to all social situations

involving the formation and changes of human attitude, and it is particularly pertinent

to the process of decision-making and problem-solving. The relevance of the theory is

still reected today in the era of the Internet-of-Things (IoT). The information overload

and exposure of conicting opinions on the Net pb people to a state of mental

fatigue where they become dislocated to seek the correct information and may result in

social and psychological conicts. Hence, this review paper attempts to provide an

overview of the classic theory by exploring the core assumptions of the theory, causes

of dissonance, and the theoretical implications on current social bug. It is expected

that the results of the review could provide a sound ground for farther practical report

within the eld of social studies.

Keywords: cognitive racket theory, festinger, social issues.

Introduction

The theory of cognitive dissonance

was first introduced by Leon Festinger in

1957 and developed rapidly every bit an arroyo

to understanding common areas of human

psychology, advice, and social

influence (Festinger, 1957). At that place are several

theories that predate the area of psychological

consistency or balance, including the theory

of cerebral imbalance (Heider, 1946),

Asymmetry theory as coined by Newcomb

(Newcomb, 1953), and the congruity theory

adult by Osgood and Tannembaum in

their newspaper entitled "The Principle Of Congruity

In The Prediction Of Attitude Change" (Osgood

& Tannenbaum, 1955).

Every bit a development of the previous

theories, cerebral dissonance theory is

different in two important ways. Offset, the

theory's objective moves beyond a theory

of social beliefs to a deeper understanding

of the relationship between human beliefs

and cognition in general (Eddie Harmon-Jones

& Harmon-Jones, 2007; Shaw & Costanzo,

1982). Secondly, this theory has been very

influential in social psychology enquiry

compared to other consistency theories.

In fact, in the past decade, we all the same found

numerous scholars acknowledged the theory

of cognitive dissonance every bit a widely recognized

social theory and particularly for its significant

and influential concepts in social psychology

and human motivation areas (Griffin, 2012; E.

Harmon-Jones, 2012; Lucas, 2009; McGrath,

2017; Morvan & O'Connor, 2017).

Cognitive noise theory has

get one of the most widely accustomed

approaches in explaining human behavioral

modify and many other social behaviors. This

theory has been applied to more tens

of g studies and has the possibility

of becoming an integrated part of social

psychology theory for many years (Griffin,

2012; Hogg & Vaughan, 2005; Nilsson, 2019).

Accordingly, Festinger'due south cognitive noise

Received: 2020-09-12, Revised: 2020-10-27, Accepted: 2020-12-30

Impress ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v36i2.6652

Accredited Sinta 2 based on the decree No.10/E/KPT/2019 until 2024 . Indexed past DOAJ, Sinta, Garuda, Crossre, Dimensions

AZIZUL HALIM YAHYA, et al. A Review of Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Its Relevance to Electric current Social Issues

481

Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/E/KPT/2019

theory (CDT) has been frequently applied to

the social science literature to explain and

predict the motivational nature of dissonance

in producing mental attitude and behavior modify

in determination making and the broader social

community context (Hinojosa et al., 2016).

Today, every bit nosotros face up the information

saturation era, humanity faces desperately

difficult decisions due to the information

overload on the Internet. When people are

exposed to opposing thoughts or arguments

on the Net, and they are non able to

choose which the correct one is, they experience

cognitive dissonance. Near people are aware

of their belief systems. Nonetheless, when

people realize that there may be a whit of

truth in other people'due south perspectives and

ideas, it conflicts with their cognitive behavior.

Consequently, some of the emotions that nosotros

experience resulting from cognitive noise

are dread, guilt, anger, frustration, anxiety,

stress, and other psychosomatic weather

(Fontanari et al., 2012). Foreseeable, many

individuals feel problematic behaviors

as a result of cognitive dissonance.

However, cognitive noise

within the digital and information-saturated

era constitutes a novel domain with largely

unreviewed potential. In general, prior

studies and reviews are limited to exploring

the association of cognitive noise with

human relations, wellness, and management

related issues (Alfitman, 1996; Fadholi et

al., 2020; Hinojosa et al., 2016; Hutagalung,

2016; Morvan & O'Connor, 2017; Nugroho,

2020). Hence in this present newspaper, the

authors focused exclusively on how cognitive

dissonance plays a role in the electric current

saturated data order.

This review is considered relevant since

this theory's impact is nonetheless credible in today's

social development. The cognitive dissonance

theory is upwardly to the mark at modeling

psychological changes for individuals in

multiple social situations. That is why the

theory is even so relevant to explicate homo

behaviors toward the massive flow of

information and technological advancement.

Hence, this paper's chief objective is

to succinctly review the current state of the

theory in connexion with today's social outcome

in terms of how people deal with extensive

data. In particular, exploring the

cognitive noise of media and information

consumers could provide insights on causes

and potential responses of the users to

data anxiety, which is particularly

benign to the body of knowledge related

to human social relations and mental state

(Bai et al., 2019).

Theories provide a basis to sympathize

how people learn and a fashion to explain,

draw, analyze, and predict learning. In

that sense, a theory could assistance us brand more than

informed decisions around the design,

evolution, and delivery of learning.

Based on the rationale above, in this paper,

the authors provide an overview of the

classic theory past exploring the theory's core

assumptions, causes of noise, and the

theoretical implications on electric current social

issues, peculiarly related to human behavior

toward the massive corporeality of data.

Insights into these aspects can be used as a

reference for future studies

Research Methodology

The authors employed the secondary

research method by using a thematic review

in discussing the literature. Secondary

enquiry tin provide a firm context for the

study area inside its broader subject field or

issue. In add-on, a thematic literature review

is organized around a specified telescopic of bug

to explore the corpus of theory that has

accumulated in regard to current phenomena

(Graham, 2011). This method is in line with

this paper'southward objectives that aimed at providing

a conceptual framework of how the theory

of cognitive dissonance is yet pertinent in

today's fast-paced society.

The authors used existing scholarly

sources (online and printed) from superlative tier

publications as the data in conducting

the review. Afterward, the data was

reviewed, collated, and summarized in a

thematic organisation to expand the overall

understanding of cognitive dissonance theory

as a concept and its social implications in the

digital society.

Results and Discussion

Core Assumptions of the Theory

According to Festinger (1957), people

tend to seek consistency among their

cognitions, such as beliefs and opinions. A

cognitive arrangement is defined as a complex,

interacting set up of beliefs, attitudes, and values

that impact and are afflicted by behavior

(Littlejohn & Foss, 2008).

The theory highlighted that when in that location

is an inconsistency (dissonance) between

attitudes or behaviors, something has to be

482 DOI: https://doi.org/x.29313/mimbar.v36i2.6652

MIMBAR, Vol. 36 No. 2nd (2020) pp. 480-488

done to remove the dissonance. In terms

of the discrepancy between attitudes and

behavior, it is near likely that the attitude

volition change to accommodate the behavior

(Festinger, 2002). In line with this, Hogg and

Vaughan (2005) fabricated clear that consistency

is what people seek; people always want to

act in ways that are in line with their beliefs,

and they want to ensure that their behavior

and values are always correct. In other words,

when people's behavior are challenged or when

their beliefs is not aligned with their behavior,

this creates dissonance, and people demand to

reduce the noise to experience more secure

and comfortable.

As an illustration, Dissonance theory

teaches us why irresolute our colleagues' or

family members' political opinions is and then tricky,

if not impossible—significantly if he or she has

invested effort, coin, and time for the sake of

their political choice. Naturally, people exercise not

like to face dubiousness, specially if it related

to what they are already believed. At the point

where their political ideas are challenged, they

experienced cognitive dissonance. Then, they

tend to find justifications because they want

to live co-ordinate to their beliefs. They desire to

reduce the contradictions acquired by cognitive

racket past responding with defensiveness

and a hardening of their belief no matter how

objective and accurate the contrary ideas that

they faced.

Festinger (1957) states that cognitive

refers to any form of knowledge, opinions,

behavior, or feelings most a person or ane's

environment. These cerebral elements relate

to real things or everyday psychological

experiences in one's life. Iii particular

relations might be between those cognitive

elements (Littlejohn & Foss, 2008). The offset

relationship is irrelevant (neither affects the

other). As an illustration, there is almost no

relation between the knowledge that jogging

is adept for health and the fact that wintertime

never comes in a country such as Republic of indonesia.

The second relationship is consonant, or

a state when 2 elements are relevant and

synchronized. Equally an analogy, a homo who

knows that if a person is exposed to rain, he

would be moisture, and indeed the person gets wet

when he is sopping from the rain. In other

words, a mental state that involves consonant

cognitive elements ways conformity between

man cerebral elements and resulted in

less cognitive anxiety (Cooper & Carlsmith,

2015). The 3rd cerebral human relationship is

dissonance, or a state when ane cognitive

element is followed by a denial (inconsistent)

of the other elements. An illustration of this

relationship can be seen in a case when a man

who knows that if he is exposed to rain, he

would exist wet experience a anomalous when

i day a person constitute that he or she was

not soaked fifty-fifty that person was stuck in a

heart of the pouring rain.

Dissonance turns out most often in

situations where an individual must choose

between two contrast deportment or beliefs. Two

individuals who accept the same situation have

different possibilities in particular conditions.

This difference occurs in an individual'southward power

to tolerate noise, the method chosen to

reduce dissonant conditions and the way an

individual perceives a problem as consonant

or dissonant (Shaw & Contanzo, 1985).

Hence, cognitive racket can be referred

to equally the discomfort feelings that arise when

a person's mental attitude or behavior conflicts with

the person's values and behavior or when the

person has to face up new information that is

opposite to his or her beliefs.

Ane good instance of the theory can

be seen in a instance when a person knows that

smoking is harmful (starting time cognition) while

liking to smoke (2nd cognition). Both of the

cognitions conflict with each other, and they

cause what is known every bit cerebral noise.

People suit to cerebral dissonance in

dissimilar ways. An private might conform by

creating a new cognition, changing attitude,

or by irresolute the beliefs. Related to the

example, a person could create a new cognition

by claiming that many older people smoke

since they were immature, and at present they are still

in good health. This claim is then believed as

their new cognition to justify their activity.

This perpetual phenomenon attracts

researchers to continue studying the cognitive

racket inside man society. In a study past

Hutagalung (2016), she studied adolescent's

permissive act toward free sexual practice in a religiously

conservative land. Her study findings

indicated that the study informants who

experienced dissonance made extra efforts

in achieving cerebral consistency past looking

for other information and reached out to

those who take a similar experience that

can support their choice of having premarital

sex. Then, in that location was a study of denial as a

mode of reducing cognitive dissonance when

a person faces counter attitudinal behaviors

(Gosling et al., 2006)

Some other scholarly comparison can exist

seen in a recent experiment investigating how

AZIZUL HALIM YAHYA, et al. A Review of Cognitive Racket Theory and Its Relevance to Current Social Issues

483

Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/Eastward/KPT/2019

prone human knowledge to inconsistency and

its clan to personal negative affectivity

(Levy et al., 2018). During their experiments,

participants were asked to read sentences

ending with incongruous or coinciding final

words. The results of the kickoff experiment

created more than negative implicit consequences

for sentences with incongruent endings

than for congruent endings. In the second

experiment, the inclusion of self-reports and

facial electromyography replicates these

results. Hence, Levy et al. (2018) concluded

that even simple discrepancies might pb to

cognitive dissonance.

Based on the examples above, a person

tends to create a new cognition or belief to

save the conflict that results from cognitive

dissonance. It is more of what the person

wants to believe rather than the fact. Thus,

it can exist said that since cognitive dissonance

triggers a great bargain of emotional turbulence,

many people start changing their attitudes

for their own emotional and psychological

comfort.

Causes of Cognitive Dissonance

Festinger (1957) described that the

emergence of dissonance could be acquired

by ii general situations, namely when new

information occurs and when a determination making

must be fabricated, where the cognition of actions

taken is different from opinions or knowledge

that pb to other actions. Furthermore,

Festinger (1957, 2002) explained such

situations might be brought by at to the lowest degree four

(4) causal factors.

Starting time, logical inconsistency can be

described every bit the logic of thoughts, arguments,

or reasoning that contradict each other.

For example, someone who believes that

humans can reach the moon; on the reverse,

also believes that humans cannot brand a

spaceship that tin take them of the globe's

atmosphere.

Secondly, cultural values; where a

person'south cognition from one culture is likely

to be different in others' culture. Equally an

illustration, an Indonesian or Malaysian who

believes that eating using easily is a regular

thing. At the same time, the custom is

anomalous with the fact that the practise might

be unacceptable in the British culture ethics

of eating. A scholarly example of cultural

noise is reflected in a cantankerous-cultural

investigation of cognitive dissonance and self-

affirmation effects on enthusiasm (Hoshino-

Browne et al., 2005). Their report strengthens

the notion that culture forms conditions that

cause and mitigate racket.

The third causal factor of dissonance is

Forced Compliance Beliefs. This behavior

occurs when a person is forced to perform

actions that are not consistent with his or her

beliefs. Consider a visitor accountant who

is told to cover up an instance of financial

swindle past his employer. The accountant

believes this is wrong, all the same he might be forced

to practice it in order to retain her job. In line with

this, McLeod (2018) added that a person'due south

forced compliance beliefs could not be

inverse since the behavior was already

occurred in the past, so dissonance volition need

to exist reduced by re-evaluating his or her

mental attitude to what they have washed.

The concluding cistron is one's prior experience.

This noise will arise if a person'south

cognition is not consistent with his or her

feel. For instance, one fourth dimension, a friend

of mine, who has a great gustation in choosing

restaurants, recommends a new place

downtown. I have no doubt and apace trying

it out. Unfortunately, the food was terrible,

and the service was not okay, and this

feel becomes my mental noise.

Then I decide to span the noise by

maxim that I will try it again next time, but I

will avoid going back to that restaurant due

to my by experience and because I practice not

want to enhance questions well-nigh my friend's level

of taste again.

Based on the causal factors above, information technology

can be summarized that dissonance occurs

when an individual must choose between

attitudes and behaviors that are in contrast

with each other. Later, dissonance

can be minimized or removed by reducing

the significance of the conflicting beliefs,

finding new beliefs that change the residuum,

or eliminating the conflicting behavior or

mental attitude.

Subsequently, numerous studies

accept shown that there are at least three

about frequently used dissonance-reduction

strategies. The first one is changing the

dissonant behavior or belief. Although

dramatic change is very hard to happen in

a case of securely held behavior and ideals such

every bit religious values or political ideal, still values

change is possible with a proper arroyo or

persuasion (Auster, 1965; C. Harmon-Jones

et al., 2017; Mustaquim, M. Nyström, 2014).

The second strategy is to add more

supportive elements. When people face up any

484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v36i2.6652

MIMBAR, Vol. 36 No. 2nd (2020) pp. 480-488

inappropriate or uncomfortable situation

with their mental beliefs, they oftentimes add

more than supportive new behavior or behaviors

nigh the situation because they try to adapt

to the situation according to their current

values (Festinger, 2002; McLeod, 2018).

For instance, if one person failed during an

bookish test, as a response, the person

can add together a supportive belief that it happened

because the examiner has a personal

problem with the person. Gruber'southward related

studies in 2003 and 2016 show that cerebral

noise is purported to be a powerful

motivator for change. In her studies, she

emphasized that incorporating supportive new

beliefs and proper mentoring in a nursing unit

can construct effective and lasting change to

improve the unit functioning (Gruber-Folio,

2016; Gruber, 2003).

The next most mutual strategy is

Trivialization. Studies in 1995 and 2019

indicate that Trivialization is frequently used as a

mental process to minimize the significance

of the dissonance element by roofing the

dissonance with more positive images or

achievements (Séré de Lanauze & Siadou-

Martin, 2019; Simon et al., 1995). As an

illustration, if a business owner fails in his

projection, he will effort to cover the failure past

demonstrating previous successful projects

or achievements.

Based on the applied strategies above,

information technology implies that Cognitive dissonance causes

feelings of unease and tension. Thus, people

impulsively try to salve this discomfort by

attempting different strategies.

The implication of the Theory in To-

day's Social Bug

Cognitive dissonance theory has

important implications in many real-life

situations, mainly in decision making,

forced compliance, and selective exposure

to information for ensuring that a person's

actions and attitudes are in harmony (Griffin,

2012). The first area of dissonance theory

implicates in the decision-making process.

Dissonance is a consequence that cannot

be avoided by a decision-making procedure

(Festinger, 1957). The dissonance is based

on the fact that a person must deal with a

conflicting situation before a determination tin be

made.

Regarding today'south social bug, the

implication can be illustrated in a presidential

election instance when a person has dissonance

to vote just considering his close family members

take a different pick and data

source. In bridging the dissonance, this

person decided to lie to his family near

his option so that there will exist no conflict

in the family by admitting that he voted for

the aforementioned person. This instance is in line with

an article past Zaria (2015), who reported

that voters' determination making is not always

influenced by logical considerations, but also

past the hidden and emotional attitude.

This case supported the thesis by Festinger

(1957), who stated that if a person knows

that another person has an opinion that is

contrary to his opinion, then that person volition

try to reduce the dissonance past changing his

attitude or decision.

Forced compliance becomes the second

area that is highlighted in this paper. Forced

compliance is an administrative demand that

forces other individuals to make opinions or

perform acts that violate their better judgment

(Griffin, 2012). It focuses on the goal of

changing an individual's attitude through a

combination of persuasion and potency.

Forced compliance has important practical

implications for people with authority, such as

parents, teachers, employers, or managers.

An example of this tin can be seen in

several experiments (Festinger & Carlsmith,

1959; Joule & Azdia, 2003; Schellenberg &

Aronson, 1973), which indicates that excessive

punishment or pressure might produce brusque-

term obedience but not underlying change.

Similarly, in trying to encourage children to

do their homework, parents ought to retrieve

carefully about offer enormous rewards

for compliance. Such rewards can undermine

the development of the children's positive

attitudes toward assignments. In particular,

"smaller incentives for freely called counter-

attitudinal behavior are more than likely to produce

underlying favorable attitudes toward that

behavior" (O'Keefe, 2015).

Another implication of the theory is

reflected in people's selective exposure to

data. Festinger's hypothesis argued

that information pick correlates with the

power of dissonance. To avoid dissonance-

arousing situations, people adopt to be exposed

to information supporting their current behavior

rather than contrasting information (Morvan

& O'Connor, 2017). As an illustration of this

state, the selective exposure hypothesis

explains why about political conservatives

In the U.S. just watch Tv broadcasts of the

Republican convention, and liberals stick to

coverage of the Democratic conclave (Griffin,

AZIZUL HALIM YAHYA, et al. A Review of Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Its Relevance to Current Social Issues

485

Accredited by Sinta Rank 2 based on Ristekdikti No.10/Eastward/KPT/2019

2012). Cerebral dissonance theory in the

political area indicated that since votes are

an expression of preference or beliefs, even

the decision of voting might crusade someone

to defend the actions of the candidate for

whom they voted by whatever means necessary

(Mundkur, 2016). As a outcome, fifty-fifty a friendly

and warm conversation could get awry when

politics comes across equally a topic (Sukmayadi

& Effendi, 2018).

Furthermore, the ascension of the Internet of

things (IoT) comes with its own challenges,

particularly on the way people handling the

"tsunami" of information from the Net.

In this era of digital club, the current

spreading of bias and fake news on the

Cyberspace can be related to this cognitive

noise phenomenon. People can now

create content unburdened by the layers of

editing and fact-checking that news outlets

adhere to. Too, people tin can now select the

information that is more consonant with their

beliefs.

People fall for bias and fake news

considering they choose to read or spread the

fake news since that is what they want to

trust. For example, in the Indonesian context,

65% of the population is very prone to fake

news, and this percentage is considered one

of the highest in the world (Rania, 2018).

Moreover, due to people'southward vulnerability to

fake news, it is reported that hoax stories

hamper Indonesia's fight confronting the infamous

Covid-19 pandemic (Dursin, 2020). The

proliferation of false, fabricated, distorted,

or skewed social data in a nation of

over 237 one thousand thousand that currently carries the

largest number of fatalities and accidents

in Southeast Asia is such a danger to public

wellness as a whole. The information overload

and exposure of conflicting opinions on the

Internet atomic number 82 people to a country of mental

fatigue where they become confused to seek

the right information and may result in social

besides equally psychological conflicts.

To put information technology in a nutshell, the implication of

the cognitive dissonance toward our society

in dealing with extensive information can be

seen in the following figure.

Based on Effigy 1. The all-encompassing

information created a dissonance that

conflicting people's prior antecedents. In

consequence, people will attempt to reduce

the dissonance by using defensive approaches

or taking the least anomalous path as long every bit

they tin ease the psychological conflicts when

they are overloaded past information.

Figure 1. Visual Representation of Reducing

Cognitive Racket caused by All-encompassing

Information

This phenomenon cannot be separated

from how digital media could impact people

cognitive. Digital media, along with all its

algorithms, tin bridge its users into a realm

of digital cognitive illusion or a reality built

from the initial prejudice, which then builds

unconscious awareness (which is firmly

attached) to the existing reality (Fuchs,

2015). It tin can be said that the cognitive illusion

is 1 of the essential factors that make

people go along falling for news manipulation and

carried away in spreading fake news. Indeed,

the current technological advancement and

the Internet of things are essential to assist

people in living and working smarter and

gaining complete control over their lives but

be enlightened not to let technology evolve beyond

our control.

People tend to believe their knowledge

based on their condolement zone to reduce the

dissonance that they might face up when receiving

news that challenged their beliefs. In other

words, the notion of "I might trust my news

media but not your news media or the other

news media" and a reader's tendency toward

motivated knowledge makes it hard to accept

anything from alien sources. What can

we derive from this case? As synthesized

from Agarwal (2017), Bavel and Pereira

(2018), 1's alignment to a item belief

or concept is often an essential function of how

people construct their identities. Hence, a

threat to his or her belief is ofttimes viewed (but

non e'er consciously) as a threat to self.

This phenomenon takes us to a classic

work by Festinger (1957), who observed a

doomsday cult to run across what would happen if

the world did not end on the date that the

community leader had predicted. Instead

of abandoning the faith when the prophecy

486 DOI: https://doi.org/x.29313/mimbar.v36i2.6652

MIMBAR, Vol. 36 No. 2nd (2020) pp. 480-488

was not fulfilled, the cult followers did the

contrary by doubling their conviction and

advocating more than fervently. It is only one

significant example of how people overcome

their conflicting beliefs by performing what

psychologists telephone call "cognitive dissonance."

Thus, an individual will actively seek and

make choices on data and situations

congruent with their attitudes and beliefs

while refusing the conflicting notions.

Conclusions

This thematic review paper established

the significance of cerebral racket

theory. Even now, the theory coined by

Leon Festinger is notwithstanding relevant in explaining

and predicting man behavior, significantly

when they modify their attitude or behavior

to accommodate the dissonance due to

acquiring all-encompassing information. I of the

apparent social implications of Cognitive

Dissonance Theory is that people'south beliefs

can be persuaded or even altered by creating

meaning dissonance through forced

compliance, counter-attitudinal advancement, or

selected data exposure to contradict

the person's cerebral land.

Although Festinger never specified

a applied way to find and make up one's mind a

person'southward dissonance level, the theory has

formed a strong foundation and source for other

relevant research in human communication

and psychology. The authors do hope that this

thematic literature review could contribute

to stimulating further theoretical expansion

and empirical studies into the manifestations

of cognitive dissonance within the broader

communications area, particularly in new

media contexts.

Acquittance

The authors are immensely grateful

to Professor Atie Rachmiatie as the chief

of Indonesia Advice Scholars

Association, West Java Chapter, for her

support and invaluable insights in improving

the manuscript.

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ResearchGate has non been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

Cognitive racket is a ubiquitous phenomenon which can exist applied in various fields potentially. In this paper, nosotros written report cognitive racket through empirical assay on social media platforms. We investigate a typical "reversal event" discussed by the Sina Weibo users recently. Through statistical assay and semantic assay based methods, nosotros establish that (1) after the outcome revision, the functioning of the origin followers were aberrant, which is consequent with the existence of cognitive dissonance; (2) the followers' mental attitude later usually tended to maintain their previous behaviors. This research provides a primary edifice block toward mental inference based behavior prediction for social media users, which is of great value for security related research problems.

The objective of the report was to investigate social media users' attitude toward the current political environment displayed on their social media platform. The written report is interesting due to the fact that nowadays even simple chats on social media can get awry when politics comes beyond as a topic. The study was conducted during and after the contempo 2017 political election in Jakarta, Republic of indonesia. Survey study was conducted in collecting the data with the total of 704 social media users participated in this study. The results indicate that social media is not a friendly zone when it comes to political debates. Few social media users got a thrill out of the opportunities for political debates on social media. However, many of the respondent'south express frustration and weariness over the content and tone of political environment on their social media timeline.

Purpose Many western consumers accept get sensitive to the negative effects of their consumption levels in many product categories and those new attitudes are challenging their habitual consumption behaviors. How exercise dissonant attitudes influence the procedure toward behavioral change? How does external information reinforce those alien attitudes with new dissonant cognitions and foster intentions to modify behavior? This written report aims to propose a conceptual model, based on cognitive dissonance theory, which introduces psychological discomfort as an important mediator toward behavioral change intentions. Design/methodology/approach Two studies are conducted. Using structural equation modeling under Amos, hypotheses are tested and validated in the field of meat consumption on a sample of 501 French consumers. A second study investigates the affect of the nature of the stimulus on consumers' responses. Findings The results prove that psychological discomfort is increased by the contact with dissonant external information and that consumers may at the aforementioned time minimize the effects of boosted noesis by implementing informational strategies such every bit trivialization or decredibilization to defend their consumption behavior. Research limitations/implications Futurity researchers could consider the various objections to meat consumption separately and further explore the dynamics between external information, consumer cognitions and consumer consumption behavior in diverse consumption contexts. Practical implications The authors propose meat marketers to reduce consumer psychological discomfort by promoting the hedonic perceived value and by presenting credible counterarguments to defend the benefits of their products. Social implications The report may encourage advocates of lower meat consumption to provide credible data about the detrimental furnishings of meat consumption to influence behavioral change intentions. Originality/value As responsible consumption becomes a key tendency in western societies, new attitudes, fostered by external critical information, are influencing consumption behavior in many product categories. This research contributes to a better agreement of the mental attitude–behavior gap in a context of emerging criticism toward highly consumed and traditional products.

  • Donald Auster

The comparative effect of factual and ideological propaganda was investigated by means of a controlled experiment in which matched groups were exposed to films exemplifying these persuasive techniques. Results disclosed the greater influence of the ideological film, which was too the least liked. Further analysis provided empirical back up for cognitive dissonance as an explanation.

Democracies presume accurate cognition past the populace, but the human allure to fake and untrustworthy news poses a serious problem for healthy democratic performance. We clear why and how identification with political parties – known as partisanship – tin bias information processing in the human brain. There is extensive evidence that people engage in motivated political reasoning, but recent research suggests that partisanship can alter memory, implicit evaluation, and even perceptual judgments. Nosotros propose an identity-based model of belief for understanding the influence of partisanship on these cerebral processes. This framework helps to explain why people place party loyalty over policy, and even over truth. Finally, we discuss strategies for de-biasing information processing to help to create a shared reality across partisan divides.

  • Camille Morvan Camille Morvan
  • A.J. O'Connor

Leon Festinger's 1957 A Theory of Cerebral Dissonance is a central text in the history of psychology - one that made its author one of the nigh influential social psychologists of his fourth dimension. It is likewise a prime example of how artistic thinking and trouble solving skills can come together to produce work that changes the way people expect at questions for skillful. Strong creative thinkers are able to look at things from a new perspective, frequently to the signal of challenging the very frames in which those around them see things. Festinger was such a creative thinker, leading what came to be known as the "cognitive revolution" in social psychology. When Festinger was carrying out his inquiry, the dominant school of thought - behaviorism - focused on outward behaviors and their furnishings. Festinger, however, turned his attending elsewhere, looking at "cognition:" the mental processes behind behaviors. In the case of "cerebral racket", for example, he hypothesized that plainly incomprehensible or illogical behaviors might be caused past a cognitive drive away from dissonance, or internal contradiction. This perspective, even so, raised a trouble: how to examine and test out cognitive processes. Festinger's book records the results of the psychological experiments he designed to solve that problem. The results helped show the existence for what is now a fundamental theory in social psychology.

  • Apr McGrath

This article provides an overview of research almost cognitive dissonance reduction. Over the by 60 years, researchers have produced significant theoretical and empirical contributions from cognitive noise theory. One of the challenges that remains for dissonance theory going forward is a deeper test of the procedure of dissonance reduction. I describe the various reduction strategies that accept been investigated followed by models that accept been proposed to understand an private's apply of dissonance reduction strategies. I then highlight a series of factors that can help us move research about dissonance reduction forward. These factors can be broadly subsumed under characteristics of the reduction mode and characteristics of the racket arousal. I conclude by suggesting that examination of these factors in studies that present multiple reduction modes to participants volition provide a ameliorate understanding of the process of dissonance reduction.